Multiple Sclerosis

There are 4 types of MS, namely:

• Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) – The most common form of MS where the symptoms respond to treatment and resolve for weeks to years, but relapses may occur
• Secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) – Signs and symptoms don’t fully disappear during remission periods
• Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) – The signs and symptoms of MS progress over time, with no remission periods
• Progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS) – Although periods of remission occur, the symptoms become more severe over time

Common signs and symptoms of MS include:

• Problems with vision
• Imbalance
• Loss of muscle control
• Trouble walking
• Fatigue/Tiredness
• Difficulty swallowing
• Poor control over bladder and/or colon
• Numbness, tingling or muscle spasms
• Difficulty concentrating and remembering
• Dizziness
• Erectile dysfunction
• Overall body pain
• Slurred speech

The exact cause is still unknown
A combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role
It is considered an auto-immune disease, where the body attacks and destroys its own myelin
It is possible that certain viruses that impact the immune system may play a role in developing MS
Vitamin D helps strengthen the immune system. Some studies suggest that a vitamin D deficiency may contribute towards developing MS
It is not contagious

Usually diagnosed by a specialist in the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist
Up to date there is no single test available to confirm the diagnosis of MS
Evaluation of medical history of signs and symptoms will take place
Diagnosis mostly based on eliminating other causes of the presenting signs and symptoms, which may include:

• Blood tests to rule out conditions that cause similar symptoms
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord is a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis to detect lesions. It is also used
  to monitor the effectiveness of treatment
• Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, that is the fluid around the brain and spinal cord
• Testing the electrical activity in the brain
• Physical examination, especially of balance and vision

As per the National Multiple Sclerosis Society: “The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis and monitoring changes in the level of disability over time. It is widely used in clinical trials and in the assessment of people with MS8.”

There is no cure for MS as yet, but treatment can improve the symptoms of MS, slow the progression of the disease and help with the nerve damage.

There are numerous medication options that the treating doctor or specialist will consider, including, but not limited to:

• Disease modifying medications
• Corticosteroids
• Plasma exchange therapy
• Muscle relaxants
• Medication to reduce fatigue
• Pain medication
• Antidepressants
• Medication for sexual dysfunction
• Medication for bladder and bowel control
• Medication to help improve memory

Stretching and strengthening exercises
Training on devices to utilise for performing daily tasks